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A bold reassessment of what caused the Late Bronze Age collapse

In 1177 B.C., marauding groups known only as the “Sea Peoples” invaded Egypt. The pharaoh’s army and navy managed to defeat them, but the victory so weakened Egypt that it soon slid into decline, as did most of the surrounding civilizations. After centuries of brilliance, the civilized world of the Bronze Age came to an abrupt and cataclysmic end. Kingdoms fell like dominoes over the course of just a few decades. No more Minoans or Mycenaeans. No more Trojans, Hittites, or Babylonians. The thriving economy and cultures of the late second millennium B.C., which had stretched from Greece to Egypt and Mesopotamia, suddenly ceased to exist, along with writing systems, technology, and monumental architecture. But the Sea Peoples alone could not have caused such widespread breakdown. How did it happen?

In this major new account of the causes of this “First Dark Ages,” Eric Cline tells the gripping story of how the end was brought about by multiple interconnected failures, ranging from invasion and revolt to earthquakes, drought, and the cutting of international trade routes. Bringing to life the vibrant multicultural world of these great civilizations, he draws a sweeping panorama of the empires and globalized peoples of the Late Bronze Age and shows that it was their very interdependence that hastened their dramatic collapse and ushered in a dark age that lasted centuries.

A compelling combination of narrative and the latest scholarship, 1177 B.C. sheds new light on the complex ties that gave rise to, and ultimately destroyed, the flourishing civilizations of the Late Bronze Age―and that set the stage for the emergence of classical Greece.

Review: Cline presents a gripping exploration of the Late Bronze Age collapse, weaving together archaeology, history, and mystery to examine how interconnected societies suddenly unraveled around 1177 BCE. Rather than offering a single cause, he presents a compelling mosaic of contributing factors: climate change, earthquakes, internal rebellions, and invasions by the enigmatic Sea Peoples. The book’s strength lies in its accessible storytelling and its refusal to oversimplify a complex historical puzzle, making it a fascinating read.

DR. ERIC H. CLINE is Professor of Classics and Anthropology, Director of the Capitol Archaeological Institute, and former Chair of the Department of Classical and Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at The George Washington University, in Washington DC. A National Geographic Explorer, Fulbright scholar, Getty scholar, and NEH Public Scholar with degrees from Dartmouth, Yale, and the University of Pennsylvania, he is an active field archaeologist with more than 30 seasons of excavation and survey experience in Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Cyprus, Greece, Crete, and the United States, including ten seasons at the site of Megiddo (biblical Armageddon) in Israel and ten more seasons at Tel Kabri, also in Israel, where he is currently Co-Director. Winner of the 2014 “Nancy Lapp Award for Best Popular Book” from the American Schools of Oriental Research for his book “1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed,” which was also considered for a Pulitzer Prize, and winner of the same award again in 2018 for his book “Three Stones Make a Wall: The Story of Archaeology,” he is also a three-time winner of the Biblical Archaeology Society’s “Best Popular Book on Archaeology” Award (2001, 2009, and 2011). A popular lecturer who has appeared frequently on television documentaries, he has also won national and local awards for both his research and his teaching. He is the author or editor of more than 20 books, which have been translated into nineteen languages, as well as more than 100 scholarly articles, and several recorded lecture courses. His previous books written specifically for the general public include “The Battles of Armageddon: Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley from the Bronze Age to the Nuclear Age” (2000); “Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel” (2004); “From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible” (2007); “Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction” (2009); “The Trojan War: A Very Short Introduction” (2013); “1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed” (2014; revised 2021); “Three Stones Make a Wall: The Story of Archaeology” (2017) and the abbreviated spinoff “Digging Deeper: How Archaeology Works” (2020); “Digging Up Armageddon: The Search for the Lost City of Solomon” (2020), and, most recently, the sequel volume “After 1177 BC: The Survival of Civilizations” (2024) and a graphic version of the original, entitled “1177 BC: A Graphic History of the Year Civilization Collapsed” (2024, drawn by the incomparable Glynnis Fawkes).